SEE Social Studies Notes

Why is central development region more developed than other development region? Give four major reasons.

Ans. Central development region is more developed than other development region because of the following reasons:

a) The capital city of the country is located in this region.

b) Means of transportation and communication are well developed in this region.

c) All the central offices and administrative institutions are lies here.

d) It is the center of health, education and employment opportunity.

e) The only one international airport is also located in this development region.

f) Out of 99 municipalities of the country, 20 of them located in this region.

The western development region has the great prospect for tourism. “Justify this statement.

Ans. Western development region has the great prospect of tourism because of the following reasons:

a) It is full of natural beauty such as beautiful lakes like Phewa, Rupa, Begnas, Satyawati, Tilicho, etc, exciting Himalayas like Annapurna, Manhhapuchre, Dhaulagiri, deepest gorge, etc lies here.

b) There is the most important historical and religious site like Lumbini, Gorkha, Muktinath, Pokhara, Manakamana, etc.

c) There are sufficient places for trekking and hiking like Annapurna conservation area.

d) There are good facilities of the means of transport and communication. If is linked by roadways and airways with capital and other part of the country.

e) There are good facilities of hotel, lodges and other means of entertainment.

Why is there low density of population in Mid-western Development region?

Ans. There is low density of population in Mid-western Development Region because of the following reasons:

a) Unfavorable climate:

Climate is very cold and dry in northern part and very hot in the south resulting in very poor agricultural yield.

b) Difficult land topography:

Due to difficult land topography the development of infrastructure and economic activities has not been possible yet. So, most of the areas are still remote.

c) Lack of fertile soil:

Most of the people of this region depend on agriculture but soil is infertile and climate is not favorable for agriculture. As this region receives very low rainfall, which disturbs the agriculture activities. So agriculture production is not sufficient to feed the people. Time and often people suffer from starvation.

d) Lack of infrastructural development:

Due to lack of the facilities of transport, communication and other infrastructures, development of industry has not been possible. Besides this, it lacks skilled manpower and also highly backward in education.

Prepare a short economic report of the region representing all three geographical belts.

Ans. The economic activities of this region, separated according to geographical areas, are mentioned below.

a) Terai region:

Agriculture is main occupation of this region. Most of the people are involved in the production of paddy, wheat, maize, tobacco, cotton etc. because the land is plain and fertile. People of this region are involved in business and industry too.

b) Inner terai:

People of this inner terai mostly involve in the production of food and cash crops similar to that of the people of the terai region.

c) Hills region:

People grow maize, millet, potato, buck, wheat, coffee, etc. in this region. This region is popular for tourism industry and fruit culture. So many people are engaged in industry, business and people also carry trade which improves their standard of living.

d) Mountains region:

In this region, most of the people follow animal rearing. They rear ships, yak, horses, etc. they are also engaged in trade and tourism. Some are engaged in agriculture. They grow buckwheat, wheat, maize, etc.

Introduction on Physical Environment

a) Topography:

Famous mountains lay to the north of this development region. Hills and valleys lay in the middle whereas low, plain land lies to the south.

b) Climate:

Extreme cold weather and minimum rainfall in the mountains. Warm, temperate climate in the hills and hot, humid temperature with plenty of rainfall in the plain terai.

c) Vegetation:

Coniferous forest exists in the mountain because of extreme cold weather. Deciduous forest in the hilly region due to mild temperature climate and ever green deciduous forest in the terai because of sufficient rainfall and humidity.

The Mid-western Development Region is most remote and backward. There is no good road to reach the northern part of the region. Lack of the good arrangement of transport and communication is a matter of concern. In order to solve different problems of this religion, what plans and programs would you propose? Write in brief.

The mid-western Development Region is the largest but very backward development region of Nepal. The accomplishment of its overall development is really challenging. The following measures can be taken for the development of this region.

a) Extension of education:

Illiteracy, superstition and poverty are the greatest challenges of this region. Education should be developed first and foremost to tackle these challenges.

b) Careful planning of tourism:

With proper conservation of the natural and cultural heritages of this region, tourism should be developed and extended carefully.

c) Establishment of industries based on local resources:

This region is very backward in the field of industries. For the utilization of limited natural resources, appropriate industries should be established.

d) Organized cultivation of fruits like apple and food crops:

Including Jumla some areas of this region are prosperous in fruit cultivation as well as other cultivations. Government subsidies, skill development, provision of market and storage facilities are essential there.

Major cause of the incompleteness or failure of projects

a) Widespread Corruption:

Corruption is the major social problem and there are several financial irregularities as well.

b) Political Instability:

There exist political instability, frequent change in plans and policies, insecurity and poor co-operation by the local people.

c) Poor Economy:

Nepal is a poor country and there is lack of means, resources, technology and skilled human resource.

d) Depends on Donor:

Nepal largely depends on donors for large projects but donors hesitate to invest in Nepal due to political instability and insecurity.

What is skilled human resource? Differentiate between short tern human resource and long-term human resource in two points.

Ans. A person who is expert in doing certain task efficiently is called the skilled human resource. Doctor, engineer, mechanic, carpenter, etc are some examples of skilled human resources.

Difference between long term human resource and short-term human resources are as follows:

S.N	Short term human resource	S.N	Long term human resource
a)	The human resource prepared to fulfill the need of Short period of time is called short term human resource.	a)	The human resource prepared to fulfill the need of long Period of time is called long term human resource.
b)	It is prepared to fulfill the immediate need. Training on Bee keeping, silk production etc., are the example of it.	b)	It is prepared to fulfill the need of country for the long time like computer training, science and technology etc.

Those who send peace force to other countries should be able to establish peace within the country. In this reference, write down the measures to establish peach in the long run in Nepal.

Ans. The following are the measures to established peace in Nepal.

a) National Unity:

The political leaders of our nation should stop dancing to foreign tunes and should co-operate and co-ordinate with each other for the good of the country and countrymen.

b) Strict laws:

The government should make strong laws that can serve death penalty, life imprisonment to those involved in kidnapping, murder, rape, corruption and the government should implement those laws.

c) Infrastructure Development:

The infrastructures of development (Education, health, transportation, electricity, communication and drinking water) should be expanded to all corners to the country and the doors of economic development should be opened.

d) Job opportunities:

Utilizing the available resources within the country, different industries should be set up and employment opportunities should be provided to people.

If you have to choose any one of the heritages of Nepal, among the ten heritages enlisted in world heritage, which one will you choose and why?

Ans. All the ten heritages enlisted in world heritage site are equally important and attractive for me. But if I have to choose any one of them, i would select Bhaktapur Durbar Square because:

a) It is the most famous and important historical site of Nepal.

b) It is full of Malla arts and architectures.

c) It was the capital of Malla kingdom before the division of Kathmandu valley and one can find excellent Newari culture and tradition which reflect the medieval lifestyle of the people.

d) It is the masterpiece of wooden art.

e) It reveals the religious and cultural aspect of that period.

f) 55 windows palace, Nyatapola, golden gate, etc. are the peerless example of Nepalese architecture.

The condition of places in world heritage list of Nepal is declining day by day. Due to their bad condition UNESCO has warned to exclude some of heritage of Nepal from the list of World heritage. What should be done to preserve them? Discuss in group and write five ways to preserve them.

Ans. The heritages of Nepal which are listed in World Heritage Site by UNESCO are not only the property of Nepal but they are property of the world. The new generation can learn lots of things from them. It reflects the art culture, tradition and identity of our country. So, it must be preserved. The following measures can be taken to preserve them:

a) The local people around the heritage site should make aware about the importance of these sites.

b) They should be renovate and repair time and often.

c) Strict law should be made and implement effectively to preserve them.

d) Effective security system should be established.

e) Hotel, lodge, restaurant, etc. should be established a bit far from the heritage site and there should be good arrangement of tourists.

Some of the musical instruments are in the condition of being extinct. What should be done to preserve such musical instruments? Discuss in group and write.

Ans. The following measures should be taken to preserve them:

a) Such musical instruments which are in condition of being extinct should be included in curriculum and taught in school and colleges.

b) Government should encourage the concerned group of people for the use of such musical instruments by giving special privilege.

c) Such musical instruments should be used not only jatras and ceremonies but also in modern and pop songs also.

d) Government should give special priority for the manufacturing of such musical instruments and conduct the competition time and often.

e) Government should establish Nepali Folk Instrument Museum.

Why we sing a song?

a) It represents the culture, custom and tradition of a society.

b) It stands for the voice of over 86% people of Nepal.

c) It is the identity of Nepal which helps us to be known in rest of the world.

d) It reflects our social and cultural values.

e) It helps to preserve our mother tongue.

Measures to preserve Folk songs

a. Sing and request others to sing from time to time.

b. Organize folk song competition during festivals, religious function and fairs.

c. Organize programs to honor and reward the folk singer.

d. Conduct the awareness programs among the local youth about the

importance of folk songs.

e. Record the songs and publicize it.

What rational do you find for the inclusion of the 10 heritages in the World Heritage Lists?

a) They have unique and rare features along with natural beauty.

b) They have historical and religious importance.

c) They possess geographical and historical importance.

d) They represent social norms and values in the field of culture, tradition etc.

Song, dance and music are interrelated. How does it become incomplete in absence of any one of them?

Ans. Song, dance and music are interrelated. Music should be played to sing. Similarly, song should be sung to dance. Such song should be accompanied by music. Dance can be performed only in music or song too. Song will be effective if it accompanied by the music. Music with song is better than music without song; hence, music and song are necessary for completion of dance. Similarly, music is required for the completion of song.

Moreover, music sounds better if it is filled up by song and featured by dance. Therefore, dance, music and song are interrelated.

What step should be taken to preserve folk dance?

Ans. The following step should be followed to preserve the folk dance:

a) New generation should be encouraged to participate in classical and folk dances which are being extinction. For this, the new generation should make aware about the importance of such dances.

b) Classical and folk dances should include in the curriculum of school and colleges.

c) Regular competition of classical and folk dances should be conducted throughout the country.

d) Electronic Medias like television, radio, F.M., etc. should give preference to

such dances.

e) Establish centres where these dances can be taught to young generation.

f) Experienced and old dancers should be given respects and encouragement

to carry on such dances.

g) Reward dancer on their work.

Name the Panchai Baja

a) Jhyali/Jhyamta/Jhuma:

It is made up of bronze. It is round like circle and played with our both hands hitting one another.

b) Narsingha:

It is made up of copper. It is long and carved like a half circle and played by blowing air with our mouth.

c) Sahanai:

It is made up with the combination of metal and wood. It is played by blowing air with our mouth.

d) Damaha/Nagara:

It is made up of wrapping leather on the radius of copper. It is played by hitting over it by stick.

e) Tyamko:

It is like a Nagara but small in size. It is also made up of wood and leather and played by hitting over it by a small stick.

Lesson we learn from biography of Helen Keller and Stephen Hawking.

Helen Keller was blind and deaf from her childhood but she was the first woman in the world with visual and auditory disability to graduate from a college. She wrote several famous books. Hawking suffered from a neurological disease and got completely paralysed except for his two fingers but he did his PhD in physics and added more to the Black hole theory. He is known as modern Einstein.

It proves that the disabled are differently able people. We should not ignore them. We need to treat them a little bit differently. We need to give them more love and care, support and encouragement and proper environment where their inner talent can bloom. The disabled are not a burden but can be a boon for the society, the nation and the world.

We need to learn from them that strong will power is what we need to succeed in life. If such disabled people can contribute to the world, we able people should be able to do more and contribute more to our nation and the world.

What are the causes of girl trafficking? Explain any four causes of this problem.

Ans: The causes of girl trafficking are as follows:

a) Poverty:
Poverty is the root cause of this problem. Poor parents and girls easily fall into the traps of the girl traffickers who promise them good job and easy life in cities.

b) Illiteracy and ignorance:
Most of the girls and women in remote areas of Nepal are illiterate. They are out of reach of media like television, radio, etc. they are not able to read newspaper as well. Therefore, they are not aware about the problem of girl trafficking.

c) Lack of job opportunity:

Besides working in field or doing animal husbandry, there are no other job opportunities for girls and women in remote villages. While searching for profitable jobs, they fall into trap of brokers and taken to the industries or factories.

d) Lack of government concern:

The government of Nepal is not concerned to the girls trafficking. The girl traffickers are not arrested and punished for their crime. So the process of girls trafficking is promoted.

e) Open border:
Nepal and India share open border but border security is poor. Thus, the girl traffickers easily take the girls and sell them in the Indian cities.

Make a list of long term aims which will help to prevent girl trafficking.

Ans. Girl trafficking is a serious social crime. It must be stopped as soon as possible. The long term aims which will help to prevent girl trafficking are as follows:

a) To activate organization:

There are many organizations working in the field of girls' trafficking. They should play their activate role to control it.

b) Publicity:

Publicity of girls' trafficking can be helpful to control it. So, the publicity should be increased to control it.

c) Public pressure:

Girls' trafficking is not controlled due to the negligence of the government. So, the government should be pressured to control it.

d) Mass meeting and rally:

Mass meeting and rally can make the people aware about girls' trafficking. So, mass meeting and rally should be conducted to control it.

e) School education:

The school education should include the content of girls' trafficking and vulnerable girls should be taught about the possible selling of girls. It will help to control girls' trafficking.

What measures should be taken to overcome the problem of social evils? Explain in brief.

Ans. The social evils prevalent in our society are Deuki system, Jhuma system, child marriage, untouchability etc. to overcome social evils from the society. The following measure are suggested-

a) Awareness:

We should aware people about the bad effect of social evils through different programs. This will help people to uproot social evils.

b) Legal provision:

In order to end social evils the government has to revise, formulate and implement strict rules and regulation. Punishment should be given to those who encourage social evils.

c) Development:

Government should bring development so that poor, socially and economically backward people can participate in social and economic field.

d) Education:

Education should be given to all. Content against social evils should be included in school curriculum. Skill development training should be provided and job opportunities should be created.

What are the causes of corruption in Nepal? Discuss in group and write.

Ans. The causes of corruption in Nepal are as follows:

a) Lack of rule of law

b) Lack of transparency

c) Less salary

d) Political instability

e) Lack of the felling of responsibility and nationality

f) Monopoly in power

g) Strong group of corrupted people and

h) Lack of strict law and punishment.

Ways to solve Corruption problem

a) Social Boycott to Corrupt People:

A tradition should be developed to boycott corrupt people from the society, even if they are politicians, bureaucrats, traders or any member of society.

b) Transparency:

Public and private organization should be transparent. Their proceeding should be transparent so that anyone can know about the dealing occurring in the offices. There should be provision of providing information about resources and expenditure to general people.

c) Discourage Luxurious Life:

Luxurious life needs more income. People want to earn more by any means to fulfill their demand of happy and prosperous life. So, luxurious life should be discouraged.

d) Law:

The government must empower the anti-corruption body to inspect, to investigate, to collect proofs, to call the suspected persons to the office and file cases against them in the special court if they are found guilty.

What are the causes of being a refugee?

Ans. The causes of being a refugee are:

a) Civil or International War:

Whenever there is civil or international war, normal people are bound to flee to other nation in order to save their lives.

b) Government Suppression:

When people agitate demanding their rights, privileges and freedom, the government represses as a result of which they flee.

c) Conflicts Between the Country:

Whenever there is conflict between the countries, people are forced to leave their nation in order to save their lives.

d) Natural Disaster:

Countries along the coastlines have a great risk of natural disasters like earthquake, tsunami, climate change, etc. So, the people from such countries flee away for safety.

Drug Addiction

The habit of taking the drug or the devotion of someone into the drug is called drug addiction.

Drug

A substance that affects our mind and organs and damages our body is called drug. Heroin, smack, cocaine, hashish, etc. are some example of drugs.

Causes of Taking Drugs

Mainly the people of teenage and youth are addicted in drug as they are easily motivated by drug traffickers and they imitate the other druggists. There are several causes of drug addiction. The main reasons of it are given below.

a) High Expectations:

The people of teenage and youth have high expectation and their families cannot fulfill their wants. Then they used to take drug of any kind and they become habituated.

b) Lack of Love:

Some people do not get love from their families and relatives and get mentally bored. They start to take drugs and they are addicted to them.

c) Influence of Company:

Some people are influenced by their druggist friends and they start to take drug. Finally they are habituated to the drugs.

d) Evil Environment:

Some youths are bored from their peace-less family and social environment. They start to take drugs an addicted to them.

e) Unsuccessfulness:

Some youth cannot become successful in their love or achieving their goal. Then they start to take drugs and become habitual to them.

f) Advertisement:

The legal drugs are advertised by the company and the youth are attracted to them. As a result they are addicted to them.

Effects of Drug Addiction

Drug addiction is the serious problem of the family, society and the nation. The overall effects of it are negative and harmful. The main effects of drug addiction are given below:

a) Failure in Work:

Drug addiction person cannot do their work in well managed way. So they may fail in their work as their study and duty.

b) Loss of Property and Job:

The druggist person cannot perform their jobs and they have to spend a lot of money for drugs. It may loss their job and property.

c) Suffering from Diseases:

Drug addiction may transfer the diseases like HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis, cancer, etc. these diseases may suffer the victim for them.

d) Economic Crisis:

Drug addicted person have to spend a lot of money in the purchase of drugs. This cause the economic crisis in their family ant they may involve in criminal activities.

e) Loss of Prestige and Peace:

The family members of druggists are hated by others and they may lose their social values and family peace . It also create evil environment for society.

f) Commitment of Incidents:

The druggists may commit the crimes like accidents, murder, robbery, and so on. Hence it is responsible to commit crimes.

Measures to Solve Drug Addition Problem

Drug Addition is harmful activity for the individuals and the crime for society. Its control is the present necessity of individual and society. The following measures should be adopted to solve this problem:

a) Strict Law:

Strict law should be made and implemented to check the activities of drug traffickers.

b) Awareness Programs:

The programs of mass awareness should be conducted to make youth aware about drugs.

c) To Activate Organization:

Various national and international organizations and social bodies should play the active role to control drug addiction.

d) Prohibited drug advertisements:

The legal drugs are advertised by the company and the youth are attracted to them. So, such advertisement should be prohibited.

e) Proper care and love:

The drug addicts should have proper love, care and affection from family members for their improvement.

How has the 'Principle of Power Balance' been implemented between the executive and the legislative in accordance with the present constitution of Nepal? Mention in four points.

Ans: The principle of power Balance has been implemented between the executive and the legislative in accordance with the present constitution of Nepal in the following ways:

a. The prime Minister is a member of the legislative. He needs majority support from the legislative.

b. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the legislative for its policies and programes.

c. The executive can issue ordinance when there is not session of the legislative.

d. The session of the legislative is summoned, adjourned, postponed and concluded by the President who is a part of the executive.

If you were the chairman of a political party, what sort of Election Manifesto would you prepare for the general election? Write in brief.

If I were the chairman of a political party, I would have prepared the Election Manifesto

Rastriya Kalyan party

Brothers and sisters,

As other previous election, we have come to you for your kind support in this election also. We always got your kind support and vote, this year also we hope to get your kind favor. We want to bring some changes and carry out our plans and policies as following when we win this election-
a)            Objective of our party: We believe in republic and act according the situation and people's will. We believe in cooperation and mutual understanding.
b)            View towards country: We believe that Nepal is multi ethnic, multilingual, sovereign, indivisible, secular and independent country. Our party always tries to maintain such features of Nepal.
c)            Education: If we win the election. We have planned to provide free education up to S.L.C. In every city, there would be Government College, where students can get education at cheap fees. There will be limited private colleges. The teachers will be provided training by the government.
d)            Industry: All the key industries will be set government sector. People will allowed to establish industries in private sector as per specified by the government. Our party believes in mixed economy. Our government will try to establish industries at different places to provide jobs to the youths.
e)            Health facilities: If we get the chance to form the government, we will try to provide cheap health facilities to the people. In every zone, our government will try to establish one zonal hospital and one regional hospital in every region. People will be given license to established private clinics, pharmacy and medicine factories. Our government private clinics, pharmacy and medicine factories. Our government will try to establish at least one medical college in each zone. The paramedical colleges also will be given permission to establish.
f)             Foreign policies: Nepal will follow non-align foreign policy. Our government will try to establish diplomatic relation with all peace-loving countries on the basis of Panchsheel.

In this way we have our plans to carry our development in other sectors also.

Mention any five causes behind the failure in institutionalizing the achievements of people's movements in Nepal as per the expectations. Explain in brief two roles of each of government and political parties to institutionalize such achievements.

Ans: Nepalese people have fought several times for democracy and have obtained a lot of success at a high cost of blood and sweat. But some achievements have not been institutionalized and protected. Both government and political parties are responsible for such losses; for institutionalizing the achievements, they should play important roles as discussed below:

A. Role of the Government:

In democracy the government is run by political parties in majority. It should run according to the public will and mandate. The government can play a leading role in institutionalizing the democratic achievements. It has the following responsibilities for the same:

a) Run according to the popular will expressed in democratic movements and elections,

b) Maintain a harmonious relation with all political parties and win their confidence,

c) Address the demands of the people as far as means and resources allow,

d) Launch programs for the upliftment of downtrodden, janajatis, madhesis, women and children and the mass of the poor Nepalese people,

e) Ensure rule of law, peace and security,

f) Eliminate all kinds of exploitation, discrimination and social evils like untouchability and sex discrimination.

B. Role of political parties:

a) Build up consensus among the major political parties of the country,

b) Achieve common consensus for the decisions of national importance,

c) Show honor and respect to the brave martyrs who sacrificed their life for the nation's good,

d) Raise voice against every type of irregularities, corruption and prejudices,

e) Train ordinary people and make them politically aware and alert,

f) Rise above party benefit and work for the welfare of people and the benefit of the government, point out the pitfalls and follies of the government and pressurize it for correction.

The common people have a lot of expectations from the people's movement. So many youths have sacrificed their lives. But the expectations were not fulfilled. The reasons may be as follows:

a) There is no any leader who can bring the different political parties to common agreement on national issues.

b) The leaders of the political parties try to show down other leaders. They only search loopholes of others.

c) The intellects of civil society participate during movement, but after the movement they become inactive.

d) There is no security of life and property.

e) The corruption is increasing under the shelter of some political leaders.

To make the achievements more effective, the following suggestions are given:

To political parties:

a) The political parties must co-operate each other on national issues.

b) The leaders of political parties should not involve themselves only in getting chair. No political protection for culprits.

To government:

a) The government must maintain law and order. The culprit must be punished, he/she may belong to any party.

b) The development works must get continuity.

c) The rule of law should be established.

Multiparty system is the most popular ruling system in the world. However, the trust of Nepalese people on the political parties is declining. What efforts should be made by the parties to increase people's trust? Write in four points.

Ans: In multiparty system, public grievances can be brought before the people and the government. The political parties try to win the favour of the people. If the ruling party does not work according to the people's wish, it is thrown in next election by ballot. In this system, the government can be changed by ballot in peaceful manner. But in Nepal, the political parties have not fulfilled the people's desires. They are engaged in unhealthy competition of obtaining power. There is no peace in the country. Corruption is increasing. The constitution could not be written. Human rights are violated. The trust of people on political parties is decreasing. So, to regain the faith of public the political parties should do:

a) They should avoid the unhealthy competition of capturing power.

b) The political parties should not protect the culprits.

c) The public grievances should listen to people. They should try to solve the grievances of the people.

d) All party should unite on national issues.

e) The system of cooperation and mutual understanding should be carried on.

f) The leaders of the political parties must be fair. Their work should be clear and spotless.

g) They must co-operate government to maintain law and order in the country.

h) They should be highly democratic.

i) The leaders should be honest, efficient and devoted to people.

j) They should give better priority to the good of the nation rather than to that of their personal wish and party benefit.

k) The income as well as the activities of the party should be transparent.

What four suggestions would you give for the new constitution in order to frame new and inclusive constitution?

Ans: I would give the following suggestion to the constitution assembly.

a) Restructuring the state:

While dividing Nepal into federal states, it should be divided geographically accommodating mountains, hills and terai.

b) Inclusive constitution:

The constitution should proportionately represent the rights and privileges of different castes, group, sex and community.

c) Provision for death penalty:

There should be a provision for death penalty for those involved in heinous crimes such as kidnapping, murder, violence, corruption, drug dealing, girl-trafficking, black business etc.

d) Strike-free region:

Bandhs and strikes have weakened the economic status of the nation. So, no political parties should be allowed to stage strikes, bandhs etc. it should be mentioned in the constitution.

Roles of citizens during election

Election is an important process of the democratic system. It is the process of choosing the appropriate candidates by citizen of the country. As the candidates and political parties are chosen by the votes of the citizens, the citizens have the important role in the process of election. The role of citizens in election is explained in the following points:

a) Updating voters list:

Some people may reach the age of 18 years and some may die due to old and other causes. The citizens should help the election commission to include the names of youths and remove the names of dead.

b) Correcting names:

The names and age of the voters may be wrong in the voter's list. The citizens have to help such voters to correct their names and process of correcting the name and age. The application form should be given to correct these mistakes.

c) Awareness for election process:

The citizens have to make the family members and the neighbors aware about the process of election. The necessary discussion should be made to make them aware.

d) Knowledge of manifesto:

Political parties are supported by the policies and programs declared in their manifestos. Thus, the voters should make aware about the manifestos of political parties.

e) Aware the people to vote:

The vote of the voters can choose a person who can do much for the betterment of the citizen and the country. So the citizen should be made aware to cast vote in the election without any benefit of any kind. This will help to choose the appropriate candidate for post.

f) Awareness of symbols and voting process:

Different political parties and independent candidates have different symbols in which the voters have to stamp to vote them. The voting process may be difficult for many voters. The enlightened citizens have to make them aware about them.

g) Awareness for political parties:

Various parties take part in the election. The people of backward areas should be made aware about the political parties of Nepal. This will help the voters to choose appropriate party.

The candidate of the member of Constituent Assembly should have following qualifications:

a) Should be a citizen of Nepal.

b) Should be at least of age 25 years.

c) Should not be punished for any criminal cases and moral disgrace.

d) Should not be disqualified by any law of Nepal.

e) Should not be holding any public post of profit.

List the factors that influence the climate of a place and describe them in brief.

Ans. The factors that affect the climate of a place are as follows:

a) Latitude or distance from the equator

b) Altitude or height above the sea level

c) Distance from the sea

d) Slope of land

a) Latitude or distance from the equator:

The rays of the sun are vertical throughout the year at the equator whereas the sun rays are slanting when we move north and south of the equator. The rays of the sun have to heat a small area at the equator whereas the rays have to heat larger areas at the poles. Similarly, the rays of the sun have to travel a shorter distance at the equator whereas the rays have to travel longer distance at the poles. So, there is hot in equator and cold in the poles.

b) Altitude or height above the sea level:

The plain areas are hotter than the hills and mountains. The density of air is thicker in the plain area or near the surface of the earth. The air in lower altitude contains dust particles and water vapour and they absorb more heat from the sun and climate become hot. As the altitude increase the air becomes thinner and thinner as they contain less amounts of dust particles and water vapour and they absorb less amount of heat and climate become cold. On the other hand, with the ascent of 165 meters in height, the temperature decreases by 1⁰ Celsius. That is why Nepalgunj in the terai is hotter than Namche Bazar situated in the mountain region.

c) Distance from the sea:

Coastal region or the places near the sea or ocean are comparatively moderate that those places situated far away. This is due to the phenomena of land and sea breeze. Sea gets heated and cools down very slowly. Therefore the areas situated near the sea are neither too hot nor too cold. Whereas land being solid heated and cooled down very quickly. That is why the areas situated far away from the sea has extreme climate.

d) Slope of land:

Slopes facing south in the Northern Hemisphere are warmer than those facing north. This is because the rays of the sun strike the south facing slopes as steeper or vertical angle than they do in the northern slopes. Manang and mustang are very cold and dry as they lie in the northern slopes of the Himalayas. While the southern slopes are warmer and receives good amount of rainfall in summer.

With reference to various natural vegetation zones and climatic zone, describe how climate has controlled the features of vegetation.

"Natural vegetation is the product of the climate". Explain the statement with suitable examples.

Ans. Climate has direct influence of natural vegetation. The growth and development of vegetation depends upon climatic features like temperature, rainfall, moisture, etc. thus, particular vegetation grows in a particular climate. An area having high temperature and rainfall like around equator has dense tropical Rainforest. But as rainfall decrease we find vast grassland or barren desert with some thorny bushes. Similarly, as temperature decreases we find cone shaped trees like pine, fir, etc. further decreased in temperature result in occurrence of mosses and lichen or no vegetation at all. So, we cannot grow coconut in Solukhumbu, nor we can grow rhododendron in Terai.

The characteristics of vegetation differ with difference in climatic features. What does plant do to adopt with the climate? Write with examples.

The features of vegetation change according to the change of nature of climate. How do plants adopt themselves according to the climate? Write with examples.

Ans. Different types of vegetation's are found in different types of climate. Vegetation must struggle with climate or nature to survive. The successful one survives as the fittest and failures disappeared. Thus for the sake of survival, vegetation modify their leaves, roots, timber, trunk, etc. to associate themselves with a particular climate. For example, most of the plants in desert have long roots which go deep down to the earth surface in search of water and waxy leaves to protect the moisture from evaporation. Similarly, the trees in savanna region has umbrella shaped to protect them from strong wind. The trees in cold region has cone shaped to protect them from snow.

Distinguish between savanna and Equatorial climatic region.

Equatorial climatic region	Savanna climatic Region
It lies between 0 to 5⁰ north and south of the equator.	It lies between of 5 to 20⁰ north and south of the equator.
There is no change in season.	It experiences two seasons- summer and winter.
It is hot and wet throughout the year.	It is hot and dry, less rainfall occurs in summer.
Tropical rainforest is found.	Tall grasses, scrubby bushes and shrubs are found.
It receives rainfall daily in the afternoon.	It receives rainfall during the summer.

Differentiate between tropical desert and Equatorial climate.

Tropical desert	Equatorial climate
It lies between the latitudes of 20 to 30⁰ north and south of the equator.	It lies between the latitude of 0 to 5⁰ north and south of the equator.
It is hot and dry throughout the year.	It is hot and wet throughout the year.
Natural vegetation is extremely poor.	Tropical rainforest is found.
It experiences two seasons- summer and winter.	There is no change in season.
It receives very less annual rainfall throughout the year.	It receives rainfall daily in the afternoon.

Point out four differences in vegetation and lifestyle found in Equatorial and Mediterranean climatic region.

Equatorial climatic region	Mediterranean climatic region
Tropical rain-forest is found.	Most of the forest has been cleared for settlement and cultivation.
The trees are tall with hard wood.	Trees are short, hard wood, spongy bark and thick leathery leaves.
People live by hunting wild animals and gathering wild fruits and edible roots.	People engaged in industry, trade, tourism, viticulture, etc.
People follow primitive way of living.	People's life standard is very high.
There is no change in season.	It experiences two seasons- summer and winter.
It is hot and wet throughout the year.	Summer is hot and dry and winter is cold and wet.
It receives rainfall daily in the afternoon.	It receives rainfall in winter.

Compare between the Mediterranean climate and St. Lawrence climate.

Mediterranean climate	St. Lawrence climate
Trees are short, hard wood, spongy bark and thick leathery leaves.	Mixed type vegetation is found.
It receives rainfall in winter.	It receives rainfall throughout the year.
It lies between the latitude of 30⁰ to 40⁰north and south of the equator.	It lies between the latitude of 45⁰ to 60⁰ north of the equator in the northern hemisphere only.
Summer is hot and dry and winter is cold and wet.	Summer is short, warm and wet and winter is long and dry.

Compare between the Equatorial climate and Tropical Monsoon climate.

Equatorial climate	Tropical Monsoon climate
It lies between the latitude of 0⁰ to 5⁰north and south of the equator.	It lies between the latitude of 5⁰ to 30⁰north and south of the equator.
Tropical rain-forest is found.	Deciduous types of forest are found.
There is no change in season.	It experiences two seasons- summer and winter.
It has hot and wet climate throughout the year.	It has hot and wet summer and cold and dry winter.
It receives rainfall daily in the afternoon.	It receives rainfall during summer.

Differentiate between tropical and subtropical climate.

Tropical climate	Subtropical climate
It lies between the latitude of 0⁰ to 30⁰north and south of the equator.	It lies between the latitude of 30⁰ to 60⁰north and south of the equator.
Agriculture is the main economic activities of the people living in this climate.	Industry and trade are the main economic activities of the people living in this climate.
Hot and wet climate with plenty of rainfall in summer.	Hot and dry in summer and cold and wet in winter. Rainfall takes place in winter.
Most of the countries are developing and people have low standard of living. People produce plenty of paddies.	Most of the countries are highly developed and people have high standard of living. This climate is famous for wine production.

Areas where earthquake originates frequently

a) The area around the Pacific Ocean and rocky and Andes Mountain ranges.

b) East Asia along with Himalayas, Hindukhus and Suleiman Mountain range.

c) Iran and Turkey of Asia.

d) Alps Mountain in Europe.

Differences between hypocenter and epicenter.

Hypocenter	Epicenter
It is the point from where the earthquake originates first.	It is the place/point where the earthquake effect riches first.
It is the point below the earth surface.	It is the point just above the hypocenter.

Provision of Delhi Agreement

Ans: Following were the provisions of Delhi Agreement:

a) The democratic constitution will be drafted by the constitutional assembly elected by the people within 2 years.

b) King Tribhuvan will remain the legitimate king of Nepal.

c) All the political prisoners will be set free expect those who are accused of criminal cases.

d) A ten member cabinet will be formed where five ministers will be from Ranas and five from Nepali Congress to run the daily administration until new constitution is made.

e) Agitators have to hand over all the weapons to the government ans stop the movement.

You discussed with some general public participated in the People's Movement 2062/63 regarding objective, activities and achievements of the movement and latest events. Prepare a report accumulating their opinion and your conclusion on the basis of following titles:

- Title - Objectives - Method - Findings - Conclusion

Title: The achievement of people's movement II and events afterwards.

Objectives: The objective were:

a. To bring derailed system on right path.

b. To regain the people's right.

c. To reinstall the dissolved parliament.

Method: We made questionnaire and asked those who has participate in the movement. We studied the events, achievement and other activities from the magazines and newspapers.

Findings: After the introduction of 2047 B.S. constitution, the political system went on smoothly. But the Narayanhiti Massacre of 2058 brought a great change. King Gyanendra and the political parties could not work properly. He dissolved Sher Bd. Deuba government and the parliament. It created a political crisis. The political parties revolted in 2062/63 B.S. This movement brought a change. The parliament was reinstalled. Election was held for Constituent Assembly. The kingship was over thrown. Political activities increased. The internal conflict ended. There was peace in the country.

Conclusion: The constitution of 2047 B.S was no doubt good. But it was misused. So, people wanted new constitution. The election of Constituent Assembly was the big achievement of people's movement II. This people's movement II brought a new era in political field of Nepal.

Imagine, you met a politician, who was involve in Peoples Movement 2046 B.S. you perceived his or her views regarding causes, his or her contributions and result of People's Movement 2046 B.S. Prepare a report on the basis of following points including the opinion obtained from the conversation and your conclusion.

- Title - Objectives - Method - Findings - Conclusion

Title: People Movement I and its results.

Objectives: The objectives of People's Movement I were-

a. To end Panchayat rule

b. To introduce multiparty system.

Description: King Mahendra introduced Panchayat system in 2019 B.S. It was party less. Political parties were banned. There were no party activities. Panchayat rule was despotic rule. Fundamental rights were limited to paper. The unemployment was increasing. So many youth were killed on the name of political cause. In 2046 B.S. Nepali Congress and Bam Morcha unitedly revolted under the leadership of Ganesh man Singh, it was started on 7th Falgun 2046B.S. People whole heartedly supported and participated the revolution. On 26 Chaitra 2046 B.S. king Birendra lifted ban on political parties. Multiparty system introduced in the country. There were victory processions all over the country.

Conclusion: Without people basis, no any system can long last. Panchayat system was imposed system. It was not according to people wish. The system, which is supported and participated by people lasts longer.

It is said that no power or nation has permanent enemy or friend in politics. Prepare a report evaluating the background, hostile, alliances of the countries and its effect of first and second world war on the basis of the following titles:

- Title - Objectives - Method - Findings - Conclusion

Title: The World Politics

Objectives: The objectives are

a. To find out the nature of the world politics.

b. To evaluate the necessity of nations in political sector.

Finding: It is seen that no any nation has remain friend or enemy of any nation for long. The enemy of a nation one time becomes friend at another time. Italy was one of the members of Triple Alliance, but it left the Alliance and co-operated the Allied countries. There was battle between Britain and Nepal. But Nepal sent its armies in First and Second World War in support of British. Germany had concluded treaty with Russia. Later on, Germany attacked Russia. Germany attacked Poland. Russia also co-operated Germany. Later on, Russia jointed Allied countries and fought against Germany. Such incident had great effect. In the first world war, Germany was defeated. In the second world war, again Germany was defeated. Now-a-days also, a country calls back its ambassador when friendship cools down. When the situation became normal, the diplomatic relationship resumes.

Conclusion: It seems that the diplomatic relations are based on necessity and situation of time. The enemy of the country may turn into friends. The country has to think over so many issues and then it has to decide whether to make friendship with another country or not.

What were the causes of downfall of Ranas rule?

What were the causes of the revolution of 2007 BS?

Ans: The causes of the revolution of 2007 BS were:

a) Political Cause:

The Rana rule was tyrannical. No fundamental rights were given to the people. The king and people were neglected. The people who protest Ranas were severely punished. So people were angry with this rule

b) Economic Cause:

There was no industry and no employment. The farmers were exploited. Everywhere there was poverty. Only Ranas and their favourites enjoyed comfortable life.

c) Social Cause:

The social condition was also bad. There were illiteracy, ignorance, superstition, casteism, untouchability, child marriage, polygamy, etc prevailed in the country. Divide and rule was the policy of Ranas.

d) International Cause:

After Second World War, new awareness came to Asia and Africa. There was anti-British struggle in India. Nepali students studying there also participated in the struggle. India was set free. This feeling also helped to start movement in Nepal.

e) The division of Ranas:

The division of Ranas into A, B and C classes by Chandra Shumsher brought enmity among Ranas. Class C Ranas were not included in the role of succession. They wanted to end Rana rule in Nepal.

Causes of World War I

1. The Growth of Nationalism:

The Growth of Nationalism among the European people made them too highly patriotic to their nations and too highly aggressive to their enemies and prepared them for war.

2. Imperialism & Colonization:

Due to the industrial revolution in Europe, the European nations needed colonies for markets and raw materials. In the beginning, Britain, France and Russia were in competition. Afterward, Germany and Italy also involve themselves in the race of colonization. Such unhealthy competition created conflicts and hostility among the European nations.

3. Absence of Peace Keeping Organization:

When the big nations became powerful then they began to do whatever they like. They think that "Might Is Right''. So, they used to ignore the law and justice and openly violated the international laws. On the other hand, there was no any peace keeping organization to control such explosive situations.

4. Militarism:

After the formation of two hostile alliances, both the groups felt insecure and increased the military strength. Powerful countries of Europe like England, France, Germany, Italy, etc. spent a huge national income in military expenses. Compulsory military services were imposed on people. War materials were produces in the factories. Scientists were engaged to develop new weapons. There was competition between Germany and England to increase the navy forces. For every ship Germany built, England would build two ships. Such a race could end only in a war.

5. Immediate Cause:

On 28 June 1914 when Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the prince of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie Chotek went on a tour to Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia Herzegovina. Both of them were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip, one of the members of Black Hand Society. Austria sent a warning letter to Serbia demanding that the Black Hand Society must be banded and suppressed but Serbia replied that the Black Hand Society would be suppressed but Austria would not be allowed to inspect the case. At this point Austria-Hungary declared a war on Serbia.

6. Character of William II:

Germany emperor William II was very proud and believed in policy of power politics. He wanted to make Germany the most powerful country in the world. He used to dominate England and wanted Englishmen to accept all his demand without any fight. This created the tension between them and paved the way for the war.

Effects of World War I

1. Loss of Life and Properties:

There were nearly 65 million armed soldiers involved in this war. Among them 6 million became disable, 20 million became injured and 8.5 million were killed. The war continued for 1565 days. Nearly 2,00,000 million US dollar was spent on the war. Many things including cities, factories, bridges, beautiful places and large vessels were destroyed. It brought economic crisis in Europe.

2. Treaty of Versailles:

The treaty signed between Allies and Germany in Versailles palace of France after First World War was called the Versailles treaty. It was signed on 29^th June 1919. According to this treaty, Germany had to lose 13% of its territory and 6 million people. According to the article 231 of Versailles treaty, Germany was declared war criminal and has to take responsibility of all the damage made by war. Germany territories were confiscated and given to Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, etc. All German colonies were taken by Allies.

A huge military restrictions was imposed Germany. Rhineland was evacuated and kept under the control of Allies for 15 years. German army was curtailed to 100,000 only. Germany was restricted not to have more than six warships. German was banned to make warship, tank, aeroplane, etc. German has to pay 660 million pound as the compensation of war. Thus, Germany was much humiliated. Eventually Adolf Hitler came to the power in Germany and denied to accept the Treaty of Versailles. His aggressive activities became the root cause of the Second World War.

3. Formation of the League of Nations:

After the First World War, League of Nations was established to prevent the world from world war and to restore peace, goodwill and co-operation among nations of the world. It was established on 10 January 1920 according to the idea of then US president Woodrow Wilson with two major goals:

- Collective security

- Promotion of international co-operation

4. Social Changes:

During this war most of European countries had compulsory army training. Men were involved in war and women came forward to work in factories and offices. They became conscious of their rights. Women got voting rights also. The war changed religious orthodoxy of the European peoples. Trade unions were opened and the factory laws were passed.

5. Fall of Absolute Monarchies:

As a result of this war many absolute monarchies of Europe collapsed and democracy and republicanism replace them. The monarchies of Germany, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and Turkey were collapsed. Democracy or the republican forms of governments were established in these countries.

6. Emergence of dictatorship:

Due to unemployment and economic depression followed by unrest and chaos, democracy could not sustain. The cleaver ruler of Europe took the benefits of this situation. They started the dictatorship in Germany, Italy, Spain and Russia.

Causes of World War II

1. Treaty of Versailles:

A huge military restrictions was imposed Germany. Rhineland was evacuated and kept under the control of Allies for 15 years. German army was curtailed to 100,000 only. Germany was restricted not to have more than six warships. German was banned to make warship, tank, and aeroplane. German has to pay 660 million pound as the compensation of war. Thus Germany was humiliated. Eventually Adolf Hitler came to the power in Germany and denied to accept the Treaty of Versailles. His aggressive activities became the root cause of the Second World War.

2. Failure of the League of Nations:

After the First World War, League of Nations was established to prevent the world from world war to restore peace, goodwill and co-operation among nations of the world. It was established on 10 January 1920 according to the idea of then US president Woodrow Wilson. But USA never took the membership of the League of Nations. Lacking the support of USA the League of Nations became weak. The Failure of the League of Nations became the cause of Second World War.

3. Immediate Cause- Attack on Poland by Germany:

In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Danzing and Polish Corridor from Poland. These territories were given to Poland according to the Treaty of Versailles from Germany. When Poland denied to handover those territories to Germany, Hitler invaded Poland. British and France jointly declared war against Germany and the Second World War began.

4. Ambition for Expansion:

Many European countries such as Britain, France and Russia had occupied vast territory of other countries. Germany, Japan, and Italy also had the dreams of expansion. To fulfill their dreams, Germany occupied Austria and Czechoslovakia, Italy occupied Ethiopia, Japan invaded Manchuria and Russia grabbed Finland. Such attitude of expansion created tension and rivalry among European countries. The European power divided into rival camps which were known as Allies and Axis power. They started to dominate to each other and created the situation of world war.

5. Economic Crisis and Rise of Dictators:

Many people were killed in the First World War. It brought the scarcity of human power to work in factories and production areas. It had created the economic crisis in the world. Many people died of starvation. Japan emperor exercise unlimited power. Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco came to power and violated the Versailles Treaty. No any mechanism was able to check them.

6. Nationalism:

Having sense of extreme revenge on their enemies, European peoples become too much conscious of their nations and grew an extreme sense of patriotism. They began to consider their foreigner as inferiors and enemies. Consequently they tried their best to increase the glory and the greatness of their nations through territorial expansion.

Effects of World War II

1. Loss of Life and Property:

During 6 years of World War II, 14.6 million soldiers were killed. 25 million people died of hunger, slow death and diseases. Nearly 34 million people were wounded and many of them became disabled. 160000 people were killed by the atom bomb in japan. America alone spent 350 billion dollars. The loss of public property was unimaginable.

2. America as a First Power:

England lost many of her colonies and her empire broke down into pieces. Many French and British colonies in Asia and Africa also got independence. America emerged as a first rate power in the world.

3. Division of Germany and Cold War:

After the Second World War, Germany was divided into east and West Germany. West Germany was kept under the supervision of British whereas East Germany was kept under the supervision of the Soviet Union. The world divided into two bloc i.e. the soviet bloc and US bloc. The communist countries were kept under the soviet bloc whereas the capitalist countries were in the US bloc. They criticized each other but not engaged in a war due to the balance of power. This is called the Cold war.

4. Establishment of UNO:

The United Nations Organization (UNO) was an outcome of the Second World War. To protect the mankind from the suffering of wars, the world leaders of that time felt the need of a powerful organization that could be authorized to monitor world peace and create an atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding. Then they established the United Nation Organization (UNO) in 24^th October, 1945 A.D as the new but powerful form of the League of Nations.

5. Start of national movements:

The imperialist countries of Europe became weak in this world war and they could not control over their colonies. The national movements were started in Afro-Asian countries. British and French colonies became independent. The world was free from effect of colony.

S.N.	World War I	S.N.	World War II
1.	It was fought between the two hostile groups: The Alliance (originally Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) and Triple Entente (France, UK and Russia).	1.	It was fought between the two hostile groups: Allies (UK, USA and USSR) and Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan).
2.	The rivalry between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was the key cause.	2.	German humiliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles was the key cause.
3.	Sarajevo assassination was the immediate cause.	3.	Germany invasion of Poland was the immediate cause.
4.	It was limited mostly to European battlefronts.	4.	It was more widespread and was fought in eastern Asia, Africa and the Pacific, too.
5.	It ran for four years and cost about $ 186 billion directly.	5.	It was fought for 6 years and in larger scale, and cost about $ 1 trillion directly.
6.	It led to emergence of new some countries and establishment of the League of Nations.	6.	It led to the end of colonial rule and establishment of the United Nations.

Highlight the Importance of Tourism in Nepal

Ans. Tourism industry is very important in the contest of Nepal. In fact, it is the backbone for Nepalese economy. It is important because of the following reasons:

a) Source of Foreign Currency:

When tourists visit the country, they spend foreign currencies in the country. They visit various place and buy several goods and foods. For all this things, they spend foreign currencies. In this way, we can earn foreign currencies.

b) Employment Opportunities:

Due to the growth of in tourism, different people get employment opportunities in different sectors of tourism like trekking guide, tour guide, hotel, restaurants etc. Thus, the problem of unemployment will be decrease.

c) Contributes to National Income:

When the tourists visit the country they spend money for hotel, restaurants, trekking, mountaineering etc. which help to increase the national income.

d) Development of Cottage Industry:

Cottage industries produce the artistic and curious goods. The products of these industries attract the tourists. They like them and buy them. In this way, the demand of product of cottage industries goes on increasing and goes on developing.

e) Advertise the Country in the World:

When tourist come to visit the country, they would write the article, take photos and tells others about the country which help to advertise the country in the world.

f) Conserves our Art and Culture:

Tourist likes to see our ancient art and culture. Hence it enhances to converse our art and culture.

g) Development of Physical Infrastructures:

The flow of tourists helps to develop physical infrastructure of the country. Means of road transportation, hotels, air transportation etc. will be developed.

Although Nepal has a great possibility of tourism development, it has not developed satisfactorily because of several problems. Some major problems in tourism are discussed below:

a) Lack of Transport and Communication Facility:

There is lack of proper transport and communication facilities in Nepal. As a result, tourists cannot travel to those areas where they want and cannot talk and send their messages to their family and friends. So, tourists are not attracted here.

b) Lack of Conservation of Cultural and Religious Places:

Nepal is very rich in culture and religion. There are many religious and cultural heritage sites in Nepal but they lack maintenance, conservation and promotion.

c) Lack of Entertainment:

Another important facility that tourists want is entertainment. Such facilities are not enough due to lack of development of physical infrastructures. Tourists who come with their families do not get entertainment facilities. For these reasons tourists do not stay for a long time.

d) Lack of Security:

Everybody likes and prefers security. Tourists wanted to go to such places where there is security. But there is lack of security in Nepal. As a result, very few tourists visit to Nepal.

e) Lack of Tourism Related Goods:

Tourists are not attracted to visit Nepal due to lack of production of goods needed for them. Such goods need to be imported from other countries and are expensive. At the same time, import of goods leads to loss of wealth of our country.

f) Lack of Publicity:

Many countries of the world and its people do not have much information about Nepal, its natural beauty and places to visit due to lack of advertisement and communication.

g) Lack of Hotel, Lodges and Restaurants:

Most of the hotels, lodges and restaurants are located in urban areas and Kathmandu valley. So, the tourists have to face difficulties of fooding and lodging in remote areas.

h) Lack of Sanitation:

Most of the places of tourist attractions in Nepal are dirty and polluted due to garbage thrown everywhere. So, they cannot walk freely and enjoy the beauty due to bad odour and dirty surroundings. This is causing the number of tourists deceasing day by day.

Possibilities of Tourism Industry

Although Nepal is small country, it is rich in natural beauty. The highest mountain peak in the world, Sagarmatha, moderate climate, geographical diversity etc. are the main attractions of Nepal. Many people of the Nepal visit Nepal to view hills, mountains, terai, rivers, lakes, Georges etc. there is great possibilities of tourism development if infrastructures for tourism is developed in Nepal. Such possibilities are:

a) The Highest Mountain of the World:

Every year many tourists from different countries of the world come to view the highest mountain peak of the world, Sagarmatha. They can view it by the mountain flight. Many individual and groups also come to climb this mountain. There are 14 mountain peaks in the world having the height above 8000 meter. Among them 8 mountain peaks are in Nepal.

b) Adventurous Tourism:

Nepal is suitable for adventurous tourism. There are many fast flowing rivers which are suitable for rifting. Bungee jumping is another attraction for tourist in Nepal. Beside this trekking, mountaineering, cycling, rock climbing, paragliding etc. ate major areas of adventure tourism in Nepal.

c) Famous as Religious Place:

Nepal is famous as religious the religious Center for both the Hindus and Buddhists of the world. Lumbini is a peerless landmark of Buddhist world. It is recognized as the pilgrimage of people who follow the Buddhism. Pashupatinath, Muktinath, Manakamana etc. are the famous pilgrimage for Hindus.

d) Less Expensive:

Nepal lies in the less expensive region of the world. The tourist having low and medium income may travel and live in Nepal in less expenditure. Since cost of living and travelling is low in Nepal, it attracts the tourists in Nepal.

e) Rich in Natural Beauty:

Nepal has diversified topography. Through it is small in size but all type of climate, vegetation and topography are found here. Tilicho Lake is located in Nepal in the highest altitude of the world. Many beautiful Himalayan, deep George, valley, pains, hills, fast flowing rivers, etc make Nepal rich in natural beauty.

f) Trekking Facility:

There are various recreational foot paths for the trekkers in Nepal. These paths pass through different places like beautiful palaces, mountain, rivers banks, and lake side's etc. which provide heavenly entertainment to the trekkers.

g) Diversity in Culture and Climate:

The structure of Nepalese society is of multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural. Every ethnic group has their own distinct culture, festivals and way of life. Similarly, the climate is also differ when one travel from south to north. The climate of the Nepal is neither too hot nor too cold.

Measure to Solve Problems of Tourism Industry

Tourism industry is important for socio-economic and human development. There are various problems in its development which are necessary to remove for human welfare and development. The remedial measures to solve these problems are outlined below:

a) To Promote Transport and Communication:

Transport and communication facilities should be made accessible all over the country by the effort of government, international organizations and the aid of neighboring countries to extend tourism industry.

b) Publicity and Advertisement:

Information centers should be established and publicity and advertisement should be accelerated through mass media to provide information to the tourists.

c) Security Management:

The arrangement of security should be made in tourist's destinations by the efforts of individuals, social workers and government.

d) Conservation of Tourist Spots:

The tourist spots must be conserved and rehabilitated by the effort of local people and tourists related agencies such that they will be clean and attractive for tourists.

e) Development of Cottage Industries:

The cottage industries which provide the attractive materials like goods of handicrafts, curio goods of sculpture etc. should be promoted such that the tourists may be attracted to Nepal.

f) Management of Trained Guides:

The training centers should be enlarged to provide necessary training to the guides and the proper training should be provided such that they will be able to provide detailed information to the tourists.

g) Recreational Centers:

Recreational centers should be managed in tourist centers and their ways should be improved to provide entertainment to tourists. The cultural house, night clubs, dance clubs, radio facilities should be available for the tourists.

h) Provision of Quality Hotel:

Quality hotel should be established in various parts of the country by the involvement of private and social sectors.

Importance of foreign employment

a) It provides employment to unemployed people of Nepal.

b) It generates the income for Nepal and increases national income.

c) The income from this sector is increasing living standard of this income.

d) Various development activities are promoted by this income.

e) It is helping to reduce the poverty of Nepal.

f) It is helpful to learn foreign skill and technology.

Possibilities of foreign employment

a) Knowledge of foreign employment:

Many people are getting the knowledge about foreign employment and its situation. This has promoted the foreign employment and made it possible to all.

b) Employment companies:

Many foreign employment companies are opened in the country. These companies have provided the knowledge of foreign employment. Moreover, they are making contact for foreign employment. It has increased the possibility of foreign employment.

c) Increasing industries:

The countries of the world are increasing the producing industries. This process has increased the chance of foreign employment. So, industrial development has made it possible for Nepalese people.

d) Job-oriented training:

Many training centers and institutions are providing job-oriented training in the country. These training have increased the skill and efficiency of the worker and made the employment possible.

e) Government effort:

At present, Nepal government has the relationship with other countries. It is helping to increase the employment in foreign sector. It has made foreign employment possible.

Challenges of foreign employment

a) Lack of systematic arrangement:

There are no systematic employment companies from government sector in Nepal. Private companies are not in the control and supervision of the government. So, the foreign employment has not been made systematic.

b) Unskilled manpower:

Nepalese workers are not trained for any special work. They cannot be able to work in foreign market. It has created the obstacle in foreign employment.

c) Illegal process:

There is a clear provision of sending the people in foreign employment as per the foreign employment act, 2064. But the brokers send them in their own way without any permission of the government. Such job cannot be respected and does not provide reasonable price of labour.

d) Inapplicable agreement:

The constitution of Nepal has a provision that the foreign countries have to sign in labour agreement. But this agreement is not applied strictly and creating the problem for employed.

e) Illegal emigration:

Most of the Nepalese people are fled to other countries without legal permission of the government. Such types of employed cannot be managed by any provision. It is also a challenge in Nepal's foreign employment.

The remittance obtained from foreign employment is mostly spent on unproductive sector. How? Mention the ways to promote the investment of remittance in productive sectors.

A big amount comes as remittance from foreign employment, but this amount is mostly spent on unproductive sectors. Mostly these amounts are spent on household expenses, buying luxurious goods, shopping, buying land or homes etc. so, such expenses cannot provide jobs to youths, nor the contribute to raise the economy of the country. So, these amounts should be invested in some productive sectors. They can be invested in:

a) Health sector:

Nepal lacks skilled persons (i.e. doctors, nurses) and medicines. So, institutions related to train persons in medical sectors and factories to manufacture medicines can be established with this amount.

b) Replace import:

Many factories can be established with this amount which can replace imports. This helps to save our national income.

c) Education sector:

There is lack of education institutions in hilly region. The remittances can be used to establish school or college to train children in learning skill.

d) Job opportunities:

We need skill to earn our livelihood. So, such institution can be established to train person to carry cottage industries like bee keeping, fisheries poultry farming pasturing etc. These works will provide work to the people.

e) Transport and communication:

The remittance can be used to promote transport and communication which help in overall development of the country.

Function of UNO

a) To maintain peace and security in the world.

b) To develop friendly relations among the nations.

c) To achieve international cooperation in solving various problems.

d) To work for economic development, social progress and human right issues.

Organs of the UNO

a. General Assembly:

Function: It approves the budget of the UNO, develops UNO programs and policies, and recommends membership for a new country.

b. Secretariat:

Function: It prepares the agenda for General assembly meeting, maintains the records of the meeting and implements the UNO decisions.

c. Security Council:

Function: Its main function is to work for security and mobilize the UN peace keeping force to maintain peace in any parts of the world, when necessary.

d. International Court of Justice:

Function: It settles the legal disputes between the member states and gives advice to the UNO organs on legal issues.

e. The Trusteeship Council:

Function: It looks after the defeated countries and colonies that got independence after the world wars until they make self-decision about themselves.

f. Economic and Social Council:

Function: It works for social, economic, cultural and humanitarian activities of UN.

UN is providing assistance in the following field of Nepal

a) To raise the standard of women and adult education.

b) To prevent the drug abuse, drug trafficking and AIDS prevention.

c) Prevention of diseases of various kinds.

d) To promote the health facilities, immunization and training programs.

e) Preservation of culture and monument.

f) Family planning and refugee problem.

g) Promotion of agriculture, communication etc.

h) Peace making and conflict resolution.

You must have visit to an educational tour of a historical or geographical place. Prepare a report on the basis of following heading.

- Title - Objectives - Method - Findings - Conclusion

Ans: Considering the concept 'practical education is more systematic, effective and importance than theoretical knowledge', we the students of grade 10 have been to an educational tour of a historical place. A report is going to be presented on the basis of following sub headings.

Location and Title:

We the students of grade 10 went to visit the Lumbini site where Angle of Peace (Lord Buddha) was born in 623 B.S. It is situated in the southern part of Nepal. The title of our tour study was "Lumbini Excursion 2014".

Objectives:

We affirmed the following objectives of our educational tour.

a. To analyze the present condition of Lumbini site.

b. To explore the precise about the birth place of Lord Buddha.

c. To identify the role of foreign countries to endorse the Lumbini as a historical place.

d. To get more information about the master plan of Kenjo Tange.

e. To find out the historical and religious importance of this site.

Methods:

We followed the following methods to collect the details about this religious site.

a. Primary sources: Direct field observation, questionnaires and collection of various views of exports are included under it, which we follow there to reach in our destination.

b. Secondary sources: We got information in details going through various books, journals, newspapers, booklets, pamphlets etc. In this way, we used both primary and secondary source of data collection to meet our objectives.

Findings:

Lumbini has been listed as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. It is being developed with international support as the supreme pilgrimage and the symbol of the World peace. It is the actual birth place of Lord Buddha that has been proved by the Ashok Pillar that carries an inscription identifying the sport, the birth place. Maya Devi temple reflects the originality of the ancient pilgrimage. It is said that, "Lumbini was a beautiful garden full of green Sal trees." Maya Devi gave birth to the child on the way to her mother's home in Devdaha on full moon day of Baishak. Similarly the inscription tells, "Shakyamuni Buddha, the Blessed one was born here." Recent excavations have turned up a stone bearing a foot print that indicates the exact birth place of Buddha. The Puskarini Pond were Maya Devi have taken bath before giving birth to Buddha is there. Many countries have made many temples in different styles. Great role is found even from the part of the international level to promote this area as the Land Of Peace.

Conclusion:

In the conclusion, Lumbini is the significant place as well as religious center for both the Hindus and the Buddhists and moreover it is the message of universal friendship and brotherhood. It is the symbol of international feel. It might be the right destinations to those who want to explore more facts about the Light of Asia and peace. We are able to earn name and fame by the means of Lumbini site.

Recommendation:

a) Lumbini site preservation and promotion department should be opened.

b) Over crowed of population and pollution both should be controlled.

c) Peace and security must be ensured to remove the felling of terror of all the visitors.

d) Research and excavation centers should be established so that rest of the valuable things can be excavated. Moreover, more facts about the Angle of Peace must be explored.

e) Hotels, restaurants, parks and other means of entertainment should be managed.

f) Various religious, cultural and social performance as well as activities can pull the attraction of tourists. So, such programs should be conducted in different time in this place.

g) Various effective programs, far sighted policies should be introduced and these must be translated into action.

h) Government, public and all the concerned organizations must pay more attention to develop this area.

SEE Social Studies Notes

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