Definitions (Sexual and Asexual Reproduction)
SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Reproduction: It is a biological process by which every kind
of living organism multiplies to form a new individual of its own kind.
Asexual reproduction: The reproduction in which there is no
fusion of female and male gamete is called asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction: The type of reproduction in which there is
fusion of female and male gamete is called sexual reproduction.
Fission: The process of asexual reproduction in which a
parent organism divides into two daughter organism.
Binary fission: The type of fission in which a mother organism
divides into two daughter organism.
Multiple fission: The type of asexual reproduction is which a
parent organism splits into more than two daughter organisms is called multiple
fission.
Budding: The method of asexual reproduction which takes
place with the formation of a bud.
Sporulation: The method of asexual reproduction which takes
place by the formation of spore.
Fragmentation: The method of asexual reproduction in which
organism body breaks up into two or more parts develops into a complete
organism.
Regeneration: The ability of an organism individual fragment
of an organism to reproduce its lost body.
Vegetative propagation: when the vegetative parts of plants
like root, stem and leaves etc is used to produce a new plants, the process is
called vegetative propagation.
Bud: A bud is a small outgrowth of the body wall of the
organism, which breaks after sometimes and develops into adult.
Complete flower: The flower which contain all four floral
whorls are called complete flower.
Calyx: It is the outermost whorl of a flower which is made of
leaf like green structure called sepals.
Corolla: It is the most attractive part of the flower
which is made of colorful petals.
Androecium: The male reproductive organ of flower is
called androecium.
Stamen: A stamen is male part of a flower which is made of anther
and filament.
Gynaoecium: It is the female reproductive part of flower.
Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grain from
anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.
Self –pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from
anther to the stigma of same flower is called self pollination.
Cross-pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grain from
anther of a flower to another flower of same plant or flower of other plant of
same kind is called cross pollination.
Fertilization/syngamy: The process of fusion of male and
female gamete is called fertilization.
External fertilization: When the fusion of male and female
gametes takes place outside the body of female is called external
fertilization.
Internal fertilization: The fertilization in which the fusion
of male and female gamete takes place inside the body of female is called
internal fertilization.
Double fertilization: The
phenomenon in which the second male gamete is fused with the fused nuclei of
two polar bodies.
Ovules: the female reproductive part of the flower which contains
female gamete.
Embryo sac: A sac like structure present in the
angiospermic ovule which normally contains eight cells including one egg cell
is called embryo sac.
Embryo: A young plant or animal in the very early stage of
development before birth or before coming out of its seed or egg.
Micropyle: the small opening at the apex of the
integument.
Seed: Seed id defined as ripened ovule enclosed in a hard coat
called testa.
Bisexual /hermaphrodite/monoecius: An organism having either
male and female reproductive organs or reproductive cells are called bisexual
organism.
Unisexual:
Those organisms which have separate sex organ, either male or female is called
unisexual organism.
Gamete: The special types of cells which take part in
reproduction.
Zygote: A diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female
gamete.
Spores: Spores are the microscopic asexual reproductive bodies
covered by a hard protective coat which grows into new organism under favorable
condition.
Cutting: It is an artificial method of vegetative
propagation in which new plants are obtained by planting the piece of stem,
root or leaf of plants.
Grafting: It is an artificial method of propagation in
which plants of superior quality is obtained by combining root system of one
plant and shoot system of another plant.
Layering: It is an artificial method of vegetative
propagation in which roots are developed on stem while the stem is still
attached to the parent plant.
Tissue culture: Tissue culture or micro propagation is a modern
technique of producing a new plant from isolated plant cells of small piece of
plant tissue in a culture solution.
Male organism: The organism which produces sperm (male gamete)
only.
Female organism: The organism which produces ova or egg (female
gamete) only.
Pollen grains: They are powdery structures containing male
gamete.
Alternation of Generation: The sporophytic and
gametophytic generation of fern plant alternating one after other in a life
cycle is called alternation of generation.
Viviparity: The type of reproduction in which organism
give direct birth to their babies.
Oviparity: The type of reproduction in which organism
reproduce by lying egg.
Viviparous: Those organisms which
reproduce by giving direct birth to their babies are called viviparous.
Oviparous: Those organism which reproduces by laying egg
are known as oviparous.
Isogametes: Isogametes are those gametes which do not
differentiate into male and female by structure but work as opposite sex.
Isogamy: The process by which the zygote is formed by the fusion
of the isogamete.
Cryptogams: The plants which don’t have flower in them
are called cryptogams.
Saprophyte:
A plant living on and deriving its food from dead organic matter.
Hyphae: Mycelium consists of a mass of a net work of separate thread
like filaments called hyphae.
Primary mycelium: A thread like structure having uni-nucleated
cells which is formed by the germination of basidiospores.
Secondary mycelium: A branched structure having bi nucleated cells
which is formed by the fusion of two primary mycelium is called secondary
mycelium.
Basidiospore: The spore produced by gills of mushroom.
Pileus: The umbrella like fruiting structure forming at the top of
a stipe.
Stipe: A basdiocarp consist of a fleshy stalk known as the stipe.
Annulus: The ring like remains of a broken velum, found
around the stipes of certain mushroom.
Sterigmata: The basidium develops into four selender
outgrowth called sterigmata.
Fern : Fern is a flowerless plant having roots, stem and fronds
and reproduce by spores.
Gametophyte: The gamete bearing plants which produce the
gamete or reproductive cell.
Tracheophyta: The plant which posses the vascular tissue.
Sporophyta: The spore producing plants are called
sporophyta.
Sporulation: The process of reproduction that takes place
by spores.
Sporengia: A Tiny piece sac like structure in which
spores are formed in organism.
Prothallus: A gametophytic stage of fern plant is called
prothallus.
Archegonium: The female reproductive organ of fern plant is
known as archegonium.
Antheridium: The male reproductive organ of fern plant is
called antheridium.
Antheroziods: A male
gamete produced by an antheridium.
Oospore: The cell formed by the union of two gamete is called
oospore.
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