Definitions (Sexual and Asexual Reproduction)

SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Reproduction: It is a biological process by which every kind of living organism multiplies to form a new individual of its own kind.

Asexual reproduction: The reproduction in which there is no fusion of female and male gamete is called asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction: The type of reproduction in which there is fusion of female and male gamete is called sexual reproduction.

Fission: The process of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism divides into two daughter organism.

Binary fission: The type of fission in which a mother organism divides into two daughter organism.

Multiple fission: The type of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism splits into more than two daughter organisms is called multiple fission.

Budding: The method of asexual reproduction which takes place with the formation of a bud.

Sporulation: The method of asexual reproduction which takes place by the formation of spore.

Fragmentation: The method of asexual reproduction in which organism body breaks up into two or more parts and each part develops into a complete organism.

Regeneration: The ability of an organism to regrow its lost body parts, or of a body fragment to grow into a complete organism.

Vegetative propagation: when the vegetative parts of plants like root, stem and leaves etc is used to produce a new plants, the process is called vegetative propagation.

Bud: A bud is a small outgrowth of the body wall of the organism, which breaks after sometimes and develops into adult.

Complete flower: The flower which contain all four floral whorls are called complete flower.

Calyx: It is the outermost whorl of a flower which is made of leaf like green structure called sepals.

Corolla: It is the most attractive part of the flower which is made of colorful petals.

Androecium: The male reproductive organ of flower is called androecium.

Stamen: A stamen is male part of a flower which is made of anther and filament.

Gynoecium: It is the female reproductive part of flower.

Pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grain from anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.

Self –pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of same flower is called self pollination.

Cross-pollination: The process of transfer of pollen grain from anther of a flower to another flower of same plant or flower of other plant of same kind is called cross pollination.

Fertilization/syngamy: The process of fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization.

External fertilization: When the fusion of male and female gametes takes place outside the body of female is called external fertilization.

Internal fertilization: The fertilization in which the fusion of male and female gamete takes place inside the body of female is called internal fertilization.

Double fertilization: The phenomenon in which one male gamete fuses with the egg cell and the second male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei (secondary nucleus).

Ovules: the female reproductive part of the flower which contains female gamete.

Embryo sac: A sac like structure present in the angiospermic ovule which normally contains seven cells (eight nuclei) including one egg cell is called embryo sac.

Embryo: A young plant or animal in the very early stage of development before birth or before coming out of its seed or egg.

Micropyle: the small opening at the apex of the integument.

Seed: Seed is defined as ripened ovule enclosed in a hard coat called testa.

Bisexual /hermaphrodite/monoecious: An organism having both male and female reproductive organs or reproductive cells are called bisexual organism.

Unisexual: Those organisms which have separate sex organ, either male or female is called unisexual organism.

Gamete: The special types of cells which take part in reproduction.

Zygote: A diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female gamete.

Spores: Spores are the microscopic asexual reproductive bodies covered by a hard protective coat which grows into new organism under favorable condition.

Cutting: It is an artificial method of vegetative propagation in which new plants are obtained by planting the piece of stem, root or leaf of plants.

Grafting: It is an artificial method of propagation in which plants of superior quality is obtained by combining root system of one plant and shoot system of another plant.

Layering: It is an artificial method of vegetative propagation in which roots are developed on stem while the stem is still attached to the parent plant.

Tissue culture: Tissue culture or micro propagation is a modern technique of producing a new plant from isolated plant cells of small piece of plant tissue in a culture solution.

Male organism: The organism which produces sperm (male gamete) only.

Female organism: The organism which produces ova or egg (female gamete) only.

Pollen grains: They are powdery structures containing male gamete.

Alternation of Generation: The sporophytic and gametophytic generation of fern plant alternating one after other in a life cycle is called alternation of generation.

Viviparity: The type of reproduction in which organism give direct birth to their babies.

Oviparity: The type of reproduction in which organism reproduce by laying eggs.

Viviparous: Those organisms which reproduce by giving direct birth to their babies are called viviparous.

Oviparous: Those organism which reproduces by laying egg are known as oviparous.

Isogametes: Isogametes are those gametes which do not differentiate into male and female by structure but work as opposite sex.

Isogamy: The process by which the zygote is formed by the fusion of the isogamete.

Cryptogams: The plants which don’t have flower in them are called cryptogams.

Saprophyte: A plant living on and deriving its food from dead organic matter.

Hyphae: Mycelium consists of a mass of a network of separate thread like filaments called hyphae.

Primary mycelium: A thread like structure having uni-nucleated cells which is formed by the germination of basidiospores.

Secondary mycelium: A branched structure having bi nucleated cells which is formed by the fusion of two primary mycelium is called secondary mycelium.

Basidiospore: The spore produced by gills of mushroom.

Pileus: The umbrella like fruiting structure forming at the top of a stipe.

Stipe: A basidiocarp consist of a fleshy stalk known as the stipe.

Annulus: The ring like remains of a broken velum, found around the stipes of certain mushroom.

Sterigmata: The basidium develops into four slender outgrowth called sterigmata.

Fern : Fern is a flowerless plant having roots, stem and fronds and reproduce by spores.

Gametophyte: The gamete bearing plants which produce the gamete or reproductive cell.

Tracheophyta: The plant which possess vascular tissue.

Sporophyta: The spore producing plants are called sporophyta.

Sporulation: The process of reproduction that takes place by spores.

Sporangia: A tiny sac-like structure in which spores are formed in organism.

Prothallus: A gametophytic stage of fern plant is called prothallus.

Archegonium: The female reproductive organ of fern plant is known as archegonium.

Antheridium: The male reproductive organ of fern plant is called antheridium.

Antherozoids: A male gamete produced by an antheridium.

Oospore: The cell formed by the union of two gametes is called oospore.