Definitions (Materials Used in Daily Life)
MATERIALS USED IN DAILY LIFE
Cement: A mixture of fine grey powder of calcium silicate and
calcium aluminate is called cement.
Slurry: For the manufacture of cement, the raw materials
are crushed into powder forms and are mixed with water stirring properly to get
the paste is called slurry.
Cement clinkers: The red coloured pea sized ball of which
consists of calcium silicate and calcium acuminate is called cement clinkers.
Mortar: A mixture of cement, sand and water is called
mortar.
Concrete: A mixture of cement, sand and gravel is
called concrete.
Reinforced cement concrete: A mixture of cement, gravel, sand and
water which is present in the framework of iron rods is known as RCC.
Gypsum: A Widespread colourless, white or yellowish minerals, CaSO4.2H2O
used in the manufacture of various plaster products and fertilizer.
Glass: An amorphous transparent homogenous mixture of silicates of
alkali metals(Na and K) and silicates of alkaline earth metals(Pb and Ca).
Quartz glass: The glass that is obtained by heating pure
silica at 1600 degree Celsius.
Water glass: The glass that is obtained by heating the mixture of silica and
sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate at above 800
Ordinary glass; The homogenous mixture of sodium silicate and
calcium silicate is called ordinary
glass.
Hard glass: The homogenous mixture of potassium silicate
and calcium silicate.
Lead crystal glass: The homogenous mixture of potassium silicate
and lead silicate.
Boro-silicate Glass: The glass which obtained by heating the
mixture of silica along with sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and boric
oxide.
Coloured glass: A glass made by adding small amount of various
metallic oxides to the hot molten raw materials used to manufacture glass.
Ceramics: The compound of carbon, nitrogen, silica and
oxygen made from special clay, feldspar and flint.
Kaolin: The pure white clay made of feldspar is called kaolin.
Porcelain or bone china: A type of ceramics made from the white
clay and feldspar.
Fibre: A thread like strands of a substance that is extremely
long and strong.
Natural fiber: The fiber which is obtained from natural
sources are called natural fiber.
Artificial fibre: The man-made fibre which are made by
artificial methods.
Recycled fibers: The fibres which are made by mixing natural
fibre.
Rayon: The artificial silk prepared from cellulose, sodium
hydroxide, carbon bisulphate and sulphuric acid.
Plastic: synthetic polymers which are made from
polymerization of carbon containing monomers.
Polymers: The complex organic molecule which are formed
by condensation of large number of small organic molecules either of same or
different compounds.
Monomers: The small molecule of organic compounds from
which polymers are made.
Polymerization: The process of formation of a polymer from
monomers is called polymerization.
Synthetic fiber: Artificial fibers like rayon, nylon, polyester,
and olefin that are prepared by chemical process is called synthetic fibre.
Nylon: The first man-made synthetic polyamide fibre made up of
adipic acid and hexa methylene diamine.
Terelyne/ polyester: A synthetic fibre prepared by the reaction of
terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.
Thermoplastic: The plastic which softens on heating and can
be set into desirable shape repeatedly.
Thermosetting plastic: The plastic that does not softens on
heating and cannot be re-moulded into desirable shape.
Bakelite:
A thermosetting plastic made by condensation and polymerization of formaldehyde
and phenol acid.
Polyvinyl chloride: A strong thermoplastic which is prepared by
polymerization of vinyl chloride is called PVC.
Polythene: A thermoplastic prepared from the monomers of
ethylene.
Polystyrene: A hard, transparent
and light plastic made by polymerization of styrene.
Soap: The sodium salt of a higher fatty acid which has cleansing
property in water is called soap.
Detergents: The sodium salts of a long chain of benzene
sulphonic acid or long-chain benzene sulphate which have more cleansing
property in water are called detergents.
Saponification: The process by which soap is prepared by the
reaction of animals or plants fats with sodium hydroxide solution is called
saponification.
Pesticides: The chemical compounds which are used to
control or kill the pests.
Insecticides: A man-made poisonous chemicals used to control
or destroy harmful insects.
Organic insecticides: The synthetic compounds, which are
composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Inorganic insecticides: Insecticides which are usually made
from minerals is called inorganic insecticides.
Fertilizer: The water soluble substances rich in nutrients
which are added to increase the fertility of soil.
Organic fertilizer/ manure: An organic substance,
obtained from the decomposition of animal remains, poultry droppings and dead
plants is called organic fertilizer or manure.
Chemical fertilizer: An artificially prepared inorganic chemical
compound added to the soil for making up the deficiencies of primary nutrients.
Nitrogenous fertilizer: The fertilizer rich in salts of
nitrogen.
Phosphorous fertilizer: The fertilizer rich in salts of
phosphorus.
Potassium fertilizer:
The fertilizer rich in salts of potassium.
NPK fertilizer: The
fertilizer which contains all the three primary nutrients i.e. nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium is called NPK Fertilizer.
Chemical Pollution: The environmental deteriorations due to
unscientific and improper use of chemical substances.
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